Viruses, including the coronavirus that causes Covid-19, can get passed from person to person via contaminated surfaces. But can some surfaces reduce the risk of this type of transmission without the help of household disinfectants?

As reported in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, wood has natural anti-viral properties that can reduce the time viruses persist on its surface. Some species of wood are more effective than others at reducing infectivity.

Enveloped viruses, like the coronavirus, can live up to five days on surfaces. Non-enveloped viruses, including entero-viruses linked to the common cold, can live for weeks. This persistence can occur even if the surfaces are disinfected.

Previous studies have shown that wood has anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties, making it an ideal material for cutting boards in the kitchen. However, wood’s ability to inactivate viruses had yet to be explored, which is what Varpu Marjomäki and colleagues set out to study.

Wood types

The researchers looked at how long enveloped and nonenveloped viruses remained infectious on the surface of six types of wood: Scots pine, silver birch, grey alder, eucalyptus, pedunculate oak and Norway spruce.

To determine viral activity, they flushed a wood sample’s surface with a liquid solution at different time points. They then placed that solution in a petri dish that contained cultured cells. After incubating the cells with the solution, they measured the number (if any) infected with the virus.

Results from their demonstrations with an enveloped coronavirus showed that pine, spruce, birch, and alder need 1 hour to completely reduce the virus’ ability to infect cells. Eucalyptus and oak needed 2 hours.

Pine had the fastest onset of anti-viral activity, beginning after 5 minutes. Spruce came in second, showing a sharp drop in infectivity after 10 minutes.

For a non-enveloped entero-virus, the researchers found that incubation on oak and spruce surfaces resulted in a loss of infectivity within about 1 hour. Oak had an onset time of 7.5 minutes and spruce after 60 minutes.

Pine, birch, and eucalyptus reduced the virus’ infectivity after 4 hours, and alder showed no anti-viral effect.

Based on their study data, the researchers concluded that the chemical composition of a wood’s surface is primarily responsible for its anti-viral functionality.

While determining the exact chemical mechanisms responsible for viral inactivation will require further study, they say these findings point to wood as a promising potential candidate for sustainable, natural anti-viral materials.

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